Light Pollution and Its Effects on Human Health and the Environment: A Review

Light pollution, the presence of excessive or misdirected artificial light, has become a growing concern due to its adverse impacts on both human health and the environment. This review explores the multifaceted issue of light pollution, starting with an overview of its various forms skyglow, glare, and light trespass—and how urbanization and industrialization have exacerbated these problems. The review examines key sources of light pollution, including streetlights, commercial signage, and residential lighting, and discusses their contributions to environmental degradation and health issues. The environmental impacts of light pollution are significant, affecting nocturnal wildlife by disrupting natural behaviors and ecological interactions, and altering plant growth and reproduction. The review details how artificial light interferes with natural cycles, including circadian rhythms, and the resultant effects on animal and plant life. From a human health perspective, the review highlights how light pollution disrupts circadian rhythms, leading to sleep disorders, increased stress, and mood disorders. It addresses the psychological and cognitive effects of disrupted sleep, including impaired attention, memory, and executive function. Additionally, the review outlines the links between chronic light exposure and increased risks of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Mitigation strategies, including improved outdoor lighting design and public awareness initiatives, are discussed as essential measures to address light pollution. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the sources, effects, and potential solutions, this review underscores the urgent need for effective interventions to protect both human health and the natural environment from the detrimental effects of light pollution.